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Countless men and women courageously confronted the shameless impositions of their rulers in all phases of Communist rule and all countries of the Communist world system. Throughout this period, they fought in the most varied of contexts for democratic national independence of their respective homelands. They demanded free elections, freedom of assembly, freedom of speech and opinion, built solidarity with the oppressed and persecuted of their and other regimes, fought to assert their rights as workers and religious believers, as scientists and as members of national minorities, as artists and vigilant citizens. They distributed leaflets, painted slogans on walls, led demonstrations and strikes, deluged their rulers with petitions and solicitations, organised vigils, strikes and silent prayers, or simply decided that they would ‘live by the truth’ regardless of the state harassment this would inevitably entail. Some did so by themselves and in secret, while others were joined by friends, colleagues or fellow religious believers. Others would become active in civil rights movements, peace groups or artist communities – in some countries, such as Poland, in concert with millions of other people organised in free associations and trade unions. On this website, we present you with a selection of biographies of some of these brave men and women.

The structure, scope and success of opposition and resistance against Communist dictatorships depended on the specific conditions in each country, the extent of repression and the degree of solidarity among the oppressed. Each country affiliated to the Communist Bloc had its own characteristic history of opposition and resistance, shaped by countless individuals. As diverse as the biographies of dissidents, civil rights campaigners, peace activists and oppositionists were, and as slim as their chances of success may have been over the years – these are the people to whom we owe the eventual collapse of the Communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe.

The dissident biographies on this website represent only a small selection, but one which we hope nevertheless provides an impression of the multi-faceted oppositional activities conducted in Eastern Europe between 1945 and 1989–91. The site does not claim to depict the entire Eastern European dissident landscape in its full complexity. The texts by Eastern European dissidents are taken from the ‘Dissident Encyclopaedia’ (‘Słownik dysydentów’), published by the Warsaw-based ‘Karta’ Foundation in Poland in 2007. The texts relating to the GDR were kindly made available to us by the Berlin-based Robert Havemann Society and were originally from the reference book ‘Für ein freies Land mit freien Menschen’ (‘For a Free Country with Free People’), published in 2006 and edited by Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk and Tom Sello. We are very grateful to both cooperation partners.

The ‘Biographical Encyclopaedia of Resistance and Opposition under Communism, 1945–91’ is a joint project by the Federal Foundation for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Eastern Germany, the ‘Karta’ Foundation in Warsaw and the Robert Havemann Society in Berlin. The website in its current form represents only a first step and will be continuously expanded with additional countries and biographies. We therefore ask for your understanding should you find any important personalities to be missing.

The final selection of texts was made in cooperation with international partners, and the texts themselves were edited and updated by the Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung.

Translated by Jan-Peter Herrmann